A tendency toward consolidation of anomalous warmth in both the surface and subsurface equatorial Pacific Ocean near and just east of the Dateline implies El Nino Modoki may be ahead for northern hemisphere winter 2018-19. Plentiful subsurface ocean warmth (also) indicates a conventional El Nino may evolve in 2019.

Well-known is the atmospheric warming of the past 2-3 decades due to rapid increase in CO2 emissions into the global atmosphere. A relatively new symptom of this warming has emerged with regularity in recent years. Frequency of climate extremes whether drought or flooding, hot or cold is increasing.

The JUN/JUL 2018 quasi-biennial oscillation index was the strongest negative observations in the 1948-2018 historical record. There are potential implications to the North Atlantic tropical cyclone season and winter ahead.

Hostile excessive heat breaking all-time records in many sectors of the northern hemisphere including the U.S., Western Europe, The Black Sea region to southern Russia and northern Siberia during late June and early July is linked to an unusually negative phase of the global atmospheric angular momentum index which was caused (in-part) by the great North Atlantic cool pool (south of Greenland).