During FEB/MAR 2025, the upper ocean heat anomalies across the equatorial Pacific Ocean warmed dramatically (Fig. 1). The dramatic warming followed a cool peak in support of the 2024-25 La Nina episode.

Of potential influence on the 2025 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season is the ongoing very warm Nino12 SSTA off the northwest coast of South America while the Nino34 SSTA, where oceanic ENSO phase is measured, has recently shifted from La Nina to neutral ENSO although waters in this region have re-cooled slightly during the past 2 weeks. The persistent unusual warming of waters off the northwest coast of South America while the remainder of the equatorial East Pacific observed near normal SSTA began in early February.

The (recent) climate catalysts forcing unusually high amounts of hurricanes in the North Atlantic basin is the presence of La Nina climate (as defined by multivariate ENSO index) and very warm sea SSTA in the North Atlantic tropics (as defined by tropical North Atlantic index). These conditions were especially present during 2017 (10 hurricanes/6 major hurricanes), 2020 (13/6), and 2024 (11/5). A La Nina climate produces below normal wind shear aloft necessary across the North Atlantic tropics to allow abundant tropical cyclones to form and storm intensity increases due to the anomalous warm ocean.

A comparison between the NOAA/CPC long-lead probabilistic temperature and precipitation forecasts and the Climate Impact Company constructed analog outlooks centered on APR/MAY/JUN 2025 and JUN/JUL/AUG 2025.