The 2024 daily southern oscillation index (SOI) identifies the uncertainty of direction in ENSO phase. Recently, SOI has spiked highly negative albeit for brief periods. The negative phase is an indicator of an El Nino climate. Conversely, a strong positive spike occurred late JUN/early JUL which indicates a strong La Nina climate. The recent spikes are a new SOI character compared to weaker daily SOI observations of MAR/APR/MAY 2024.

Regions of very warm ocean water known as marine heatwaves (MHW) are commonly linked to high pressure in the upper atmosphere which cause a dry and warmer than normal climate. MHW’s are present and quite strong off the U.S. West Coast and south of the Canadian Maritimes.